ΠΟΣΟ ΔΥΣΚΟΛΟ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ IELTS – ΘΕΜΑΤΑ

The general assumption is that older workers are paid more in spite of, rather than because of,
their productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs,
they persuade a 55-year old to take early retirement. Take away seniority-based pay scales, and
older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition. But most employers
and many workers are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life –
although manual workers on piece-rates often earn less as they get older. So retaining the
services of older workers may mean employing them in different ways.
One innovation was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and having
decided to concentrate cuts on 55 to 60-year olds, IBM set up a separate company called Skill
Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of
60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for
58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services
to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have
lost.
The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such ‘bridge’ jobs: part- time or
temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work to retirement.
Studies have found that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in
full-time jobs in middle age moved into such ‘bridge’ jobs at the end of their working lives. In
general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working. There seem to be two very
different types of bridge job-holder – those who continue working because they have to and those
who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to retire.
If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they will be
self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey of
Warwick University found that in Britain 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived,
compared with an overall national average of only 19%. But whatever pattern of employment they
choose, in the coming years the skills of these ‘grey workers’ will have to be increasingly
acknowledged and rewarded.